Modern Society As A Reflection Of The Picture Of Dorian...

Traditional gothic fiction was at the height of its popularity during the Victorian era, it exploded in the 1790’s and continued its reign well into the 1800’s. This confrontational style of fiction often blurs the lines of realistic and artificial, forcing readers to challenge their beliefs and surpass the norm. However, the aspect of gothic fiction that was most attractive to the Victorian audience was the way human fears and societal tensions were reflected in the deliberately fictionalised literary works. Themes such as the human greed for immortality and eternal beauty that underlie key gothic texts such as Oscar Wilde’s only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray have incited modern adaptations and the appropriation of these texts into†¦show more content†¦These fears have now been appropriated into popular culture via novels such as A Picture of Dorian Gray where â€Å"it is implied in Dorian’s wish and in his perpetual alliance with [a] deperso nalised devil† (5) that he desires not only prolonged, but eternal youth. This key gothic text was fundamental in influencing the strong value and yearning for immortality in contemporary culture. One of the most renown and distinguished novels of the twentieth century has its basis as a later manifestation of Wilde’s 1890 text. Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, the first in J.K. Rowling’s seven part series has taken many of its core themes from previously articulated texts. The human desire for immortality and the evil that associates with this unnatural aspiration is embedded in today’s popular culture, where science and cosmetics are pushing us closer to the verge of eternal life; as we continue to extend our lives unnaturally. Both Wilde and Rowling depict mans craving for immortality as â€Å"a mad wish,† using similar themes to express this predisposition. Dorian Gray in all his immortal glory is displayed as a sinister being that is no t wholly human and therefore â€Å"walks apart in the haunts of men,†(4) Unable to truly relate to anyone he dedicates himself to the life of the Aesthete putting his own pleasure before everything else moral or otherwise. Similarly, Lord Voldemort is isolated from birth and engages in the Dark Arts as a form of companionship.Show MoreRelatedModern Society as a Reflection of the Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde1460 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as Oscar Wilde’s only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray have incited modern adaptations and the appropriation of these texts into modern culture. This text display cultural and literary disciplines entrenched in superficial concepts that have since become common in today’s shallow society. Contemporary texts such as the 2004 film The League Of Extraordinary Gentlemen (based on the comic book of the same name) directed by Stephen Norrington, not only visualise the character of Dorian Gray but alsoRead MoreOscar Wilde s Th e Picture Of Dorian Gray1544 Words   |  7 Pagescelebrity I find that it is inevitable to avoid being a part of some sort of controversy. At the height of Oscar Wilde’s career is where he found himself in just that. Although Wilde’s novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray is praised today, in the late 1800s it was seen by others as a negative shift in society and literature. In the film â€Å"Wilde†, after the release of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde’s wife Constance and his mother Jane have a conversation in regards to the novel that gives insight toRead MoreOscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray1656 Words   |  7 PagesVictorian Era, although being known as the beginning of modern times, still embraced some radical views that today we would associate as prudishness and repression. In 1890, author Oscar Wilde wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray and submitted it to Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine. The magazine’s editor, J.M. Stoddert, immedi ately declined the novel and determined that it would offend the sensibilities of his readership (Wilde x). It was believed that Oscar Wilde’s book contained explicit sexual, especiallyRead More Comparing the Myth in Ovid’s Echo and Narcissus and Wilde’s Dorian Gray3137 Words   |  13 PagesEcho and Narcissus and Wilde’s Dorian Gray  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Each time a story is told, elements of the original are often changed to suit new situations and current societies, or to offer a new perspective. Over the centuries, Ovid’s tale of Echo and Narcissus has been told many times to new audiences, and in the late nineteenth-century, it took the form of The Picture of Dorian Gray. Echo and Narcissus is the tale of a beautiful boy who fell in love with his reflection in a pond, and spurned othersRead MoreThe Picture of Dorian Gray 1823 Words   |  8 Pagespleasure is the most important aspect of life. In the picture of Dorian Gray, Aestheticism and Hedonism are very active philosophies used by the novel’s characters. Lord Henry influences Dorian to follow these teachings, and as a result Dorian becomes intensely vain and selfish. The portrait is in direct correlation with the immoral influence and the intense vanity. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde effectively uses the portrait of Dorian Gray as a sy mbol to satirize the adverse effects thatRead More Homosexuality in the Works of Oscar Wilde Essay3123 Words   |  13 PagesHomosexuality in Oscar Wildes Work      Ã‚  Ã‚   I turned half way around and saw Dorian Gray for the first time. I knew that I had come face to face with someone whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself (7). During the Victorian era, this was a dangerous quote. The Victorian era was about progress. It was an attempt aimed at cleaning up the society and setting a moral standard. The Victorian eraRead MoreThe Monster Dorian Gray Essay2259 Words   |  10 PagesIn the Victorian era where vanity was the main attraction, Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray gave insight into the true horrors that came of this sinful nature. Wilde was a very controversial figure and he meant to stir the pot when he wrote this disputed story. He believed that literature was not only meant for the imagination, but for the moral mind as well. In The Picture of Dorian Gray he depicts the importance of becoming a well rounded individual and also explains himself. In oneRead MoreSocial Struggle : Mrs. Dalloway And The Picture Of Dorian Gray1439 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Struggle in Turn of the Century and Modern Narratives Throughout history there have been struggles in social relationships relating to class, race and sex. These struggles have been recorded in narratives such as Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray, Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway, Gene Luen Lang’s The Shadow Hero and Tate Taylor’s The Help throug ¬h the characters lifestyles, wealth/ lack thereof and behavior. Each of these authors, playwrights and artists give insightful portrayals ofRead MoreGothic Literature and Romantic Literature2607 Words   |  11 Pagesparallels that exist between Great Expectations and Wuthering Heights compared to Frankenstein and The Picture of Dorian Gray. In Picture of Dorian Gray, Gray deteriorates mentally. Dorian Gray is a man who is content with his appearance and stability in life. He is fascinated by his collection of foreign items. This collection of foreign items paints a picture of Gray’s fall into ruin. Gray starts his collection with exotic items that are ornate and interesting to look at. They are beautifulRead MoreGap Between Literary Gothic and Pornography1719 Words   |  7 Pages As a society, we are confronted daily with pornographic images, they feature in our newspapers, on our film screens, and even in our novels. This voyeuristic obsession the media holds has for a long time been desensitizing us to depictions of violence and sex, but has it also disabled us in being able to see the difference between what is carefully constructed satire and what is merely pornography? There is probably no text this discussion embraces more in modern gothic literature than that

Child Maltreatment Or Abuse Is Suspected Or Confirmed,...

D2 - Justify responses where child maltreatment or abuse is suspected or confirmed, making reference to current legislation and policies. Implementing safe working practice There will be numerous policies and procedures within a setting and Staff need to be aware of them. There will be a number of other policies written to safeguard the children, young people, staff, and visitors from danger and to ensure safe practice throughout the setting. The purpose of this policy is to maintain an environment where children feel secure, are encouraged to talk, and are listened to. Also children know that there are adults in the day care centre who they can approach if they have any issues for example if a child is suffering from neglect at home the staff at the day care centre and other multi agencies will work together to improve the child’s situation, so that he will stop suffering from neglect at home. The legislation that is in line with this policy is the every child matters: change for children (2003) this legislation thinks about the welfare of children and young people. Organisations that work with children and young people work together to protect children from harm and help achieve their goals. Children and young people are involved in decision - making processes. In 2005 the children commissioner for England was chosen to help give children and young people input into government. Overall it is important to bring about this practice because it requires staff to provide aShow MoreRelatedUnit 10 Assignment – Caring For Children and Young People – Task 33202 Words   |  13 Pageswhich could lead to suspicion of child maltreatment or abuse, different strategies and methods that are used in order to minimise the harm to children, young people and their families where and when the abuse is confirmed. I will also be talking about the responses where child maltreatment or abuse is suspected or confirmed relating to current legislations and policies. Task 3 (P3, M3, D2) – Explain the physical, social and emotional signs that may signify that a child is being maltreated or abusedRead MorePolicies Of The Setting Protecting Children And Young People1747 Words   |  7 Pages D2-Justify responses where child maltreatment or abuse is suspected or confirmed, referring to current legislation and policies. Policies of the setting Protecting Children and Young People: Framework for Scotland Scottish Executive 2004. A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol, an agreement made between both employers and also managers in setting. All youngRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention And Treatment Act2692 Words   |  11 Pages Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) Danielle Seele JS 189-02 F-14 San Jose State University I. Introduction In the United States child maltreatment is a common universal problem that can effect children of all ages (Fang, Brown, Florence, Mercy, 2012). Additionally, it is responsible for the main cause of mortalities among children who are the age of five years and younger with majority of the injuries inflicted by an adult caregiver (Schnitzer Ewigman, 2005)Read MoreGuidelines, Policies And Procedures For Safeguarding Children10761 Words   |  44 Pagesunderstand the main legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people, compile a folder to include the following documents: An outline of current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK Home Nation affecting the safeguarding of children and young people. The Director of Children’s Services has the overarching responsibility for child protection but safeguarding children is everyone’s responsibility and every child has a right to be keptRead MoreThe Long Term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse11950 Words   |  48 Pages CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 21084661 UNIVERSITY OF WEST LONDON BSc (Hons) SOCIAL WORK HS60020E/0 Abstract Childhood sexual abuse is a serious concern that has been associated with long term effects amongst survivors. Using secondary data, this qualitative piece of research explores the long term effects of child sexual abuse in later adultRead MoreA Theoretical Perspective on Dowry Deaths in India22724 Words   |  91 Pages Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In modern Indian political discourse the custom of dowry is often represented as the cause of serious social problems, including the neglect of daughters, sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and the harassment, abuse, and murder of brides. Attempts to deal with these problems through legislative prohibition of dowry, however, have resulted in virtually no diminution of either dowry or violence against women.[1] Marriages are made in heaven, is an adage. A bride

Impact of Infant and Young Child Feeding †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Infant and Young Child Feeding. Answer: Introduction: Maternal and infant under-nutrition remain among the most damaging and pressing challenges facing infants especially in low and middle-income economies. Under-nutrition negatively affects both the cognitive and physical growth of a child. The World Health Organization (2009) approximates that 35%to 45% of child deaths are related to under-nutrition. Under-nutrition also prevents a considerable number of the survivors from fully developing to their potential. Furthermore, WHO estimated that in 2016 the number of obese children under five years had reached 41 million, 52 million were wasted and too thin for their height, and 155 million were stunted and too short for their age. Few children meet the recommended breastfeeding and nutritional complimentary foods frequency necessary for their age(Prudhon et al., 2017). To ensure that children develop and grow to their full health potential, adequate nutrition is necessary during their infancy and early childhood (Patel et al., 2015). Moth ers and health care professionals should, therefore, prioritize improving IYCF practices. To improve the health of children, the WHO prescribes IYCF as one of the most effectives methods. It is imperative for health workers to support or help both the mothers and families to adopt appropriate and sustainable IYCF practices. This support is in terms ofhelping mothers solve feeding challenges, providing expert counsel, giving appropriate advice, and knowing where and when to refer their clients if highly complicated feeding complications arise(Prudhon et al., 2017). Therefore, it is important for healthcare professionals to poses the necessary knowledge and skills to assist mothers and their families in improving their IYCF practices. IYCF education promotes economic development at both the family level and national level by reducing health costs and improving child development. To evaluate thebehavioral changeofIYCF education onmothers, families, and healthcare practitioners. To reduce the infant mortality rate in Nepal by improve the nutritionof infants. IYCF education interventionsare necessary to reduce infant mortality rate and ensure children develop to their full potential. This research specifically aims to answer the following IYCF questions. Can infant mortality rates in Nepal be reduced by imlementing IYCF education programs? What is the importance of implementing IYCF education aimed at trainingnutrition and maternal healthcare practitioners? Is IYCF educationcost-effective to health facilities and Nepal? Background and Rationale Countries in South Asian countries such as Nepal are faced with a persistently high child mortality and under-nutrition rate. Poor IYCF practices significantly contributes to the under-nutrition and high mortality rates. Interventions and strategies should be established to improve the nutrition of families and the community, promote appropriate breastfeeding practices, and complementary feeding in Nepal. These interventions can be reinforced by relevant government policies to improve their outcome.In order to meet their nutrition targets, UNICEF and WHO identified policies as key in the creation of environments that support efficient IYCF practices.The IYCF Global Strategy developed UNICEF and WHO recognizes that to alleviate the risk of infant mortality and morbidity, it is important to ensure exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding in infnats below six months of age (Dykes Hall-Moran,2009). To improve the chances of survical, improved health and improved development of infants, it is important exclusive breastfeed infants below six months of age. This prevents life-long effects such as impaired social and intellectual development, reduced productivity, and poor school performance. This Strategy underlines the courses of action for providing support to mothers and families as they carry out their roles. It is important to develop approaches for improving feeding practices that are tailored to specific countries. The Strategy further recognizes that the health and nutrition of mothers and their babies cannot be separated. Despite the numerous studies emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding in promoting infant survival, developing countries experience gaps in implementing the Global IYCF Strategy by WHO and UNICEF (2003).Governments need to facilitate an environment that is favorable for implementation of the Strategy. Measure to ensure optimal breastfeeding should be enforced. Optimal breastfeeding includes initiating breastfeeding during the infants first hour, exclusively breastfeeding for the first few months, and continuing breastfeeding after one year together with adequate complementary feeding. According to a recent analysis by Edmond et al. (2006), sub-optimum breastfeeding, especially in infants who are not breastfed exclusively during the first six half-year since birth, causes10% of gastro-intestinal infection burden andup to the death of up to 1.4 million infants below five years of age.Another research activityconducted in Ghana came to the conclusionthat 16% of infant deaths could be avoided if the infants were breastfed from the first dayand if they were breastfed from the first hour the rate of avoidable infant deaths could be up to 22%(Edmond et al., 2006).This is partly due to the long thought fact that the immune and nutritional properties of maternal colostrum provide additional protection to the infant (Morales et al., 2012).The infant mortality rate was discovered to be associatedclosely with the type of breastfeeding practiced by healthcare attendants and mothers. Infants who were predominantly or partially breastfedwere exposed to a higher mortality risk co mpared to infants who were breastfed exclusively. This is particularly relevant for mothers and healthcare professionals in Africa and Asian countries where despite the fact that women already predominantly or exclusively breastfeed their babies, the infant mortality and neonatal mortality rates are still high. The study identified the type of breastfeeding pattern, initiation timing, and promotion of breastfeeding as a key strategy for ensuring child survival. The financial and economic benefits of education on health systems in developing countries is analyzed at micro and macroeconomic levels. A study by Hollar-Bhar et al. (2015) identified breastfeeding counselingas among the most cost-effective child care interventions for reducing mortality and morbidity rates. For every infant death averted, breastfeeding promotion programs such as counseling incur a cost of $100 to $200 similar to rotavirus and measles vaccination (Caulfield et al., 2006). According to Hollar-Bhar et al. (2015), the global sales of supplements and baby foods such as milk formula increased significantly between 2003 and 2013 from $22.4 billion to approximately $58billion. Most of these sales were recorded in Asian countriesand were characterized by a rapid decrease in breastfeeding practices in highly populated low and middle-income countries like Indonesia, China, and Nepal (Hollar-Bhar et al., 2015).To determine the cost-effectiveness of infant and young child feed ing practices, it is imperative to estimate the financial outlays. These costs include costs associated with legislation and developing policies, media campaigns, training of community volunteers and health workers in counseling, and monitoring costs.In addition, when infants fall ill due to poor breastfeeding habits, the human capital development of the mothers is affected as they miss work (Ickes et al., 2017).In order to reduce cases of under-nutrition in populations with food insecurity, it is important to adopt strategies such as cash transfers, food supplements, and nutritional counseling.To implement these strategies, it is necessary to consider their budgetary feasibility and economic relevance. Due to their influence, health workers play an important role in ensuring effectiveIYCF practices (Samuel, Olaolorun Adeniyi, 2016).It is crucial to conduct supportive supervision to build the competency and capacity of community workers and healthcare professionals to implement IYCF support and counseling (focusing on breastfeeding and complementary feeding). Further, actions in maternity facilities to encourage breastfeeding practices should be enforced through institutionalizations of the Global IYCF Strategy. According to a UNICEF report in 2015, infants should be breastfed exclusivelyfor the first six mothssince birth. WHO reports on infant and young child feeding in 1991 and 2008 recommend exclusive breastfeeding as one of the best and natural methods of preventing infant illnesses and ensuring infants develop to their full potential.Exclusive breastfeeding has been estimated to decrease cases of infant mortality in developing countries such as Nepal by up to 13% (Chung et al., 2007). Further, a recent study on promotingIYCF education among health workers focusing on exclusive breastfeeding by Edmond et al. (2006) found that the likelihood of mothers whoreceived the IYCF counseling to exclusively breastfeedtheir newborn infants wasconsiderably increased in the first six months. UNICEF approximates that infants who are exclusively breastfed are upto 14 times more probability to survive their first six months of life compared to children who are not breastfed.This is in part due to the dr astic reduction of deaths as a result of diarrhea and respiratory infection (Lamberti et al., 2011) The rationale behind conducting IYCF education in Nepal is based on timely initiation of breastfeedingas from the first hour, breastfeeding exclusively from birth to six months, and continued breastfeeding after the first year. Earlyinitiation of breastfeeding helps improve the mortality of newborns and prevents the onset of various infection (Edmond et al., 2006).Breastfeeding within an infants first hour of birth stimulates the production of colostrum which is important for the infants immune protection and a source of much-needed nutrients.There are numerous benefits of exclusive breastfeedingduring an infants first six months. According to Lamberti et al.(2011), one of the mainbenefitsconferred is the drasticreduction in gastrointestinal infections especially in developing countries such as Nepal. Partially breastfeed, and non-breastfed infants are exposed to a high mortality risk from infections such as diarrhea. Reports by WHO and UNICEF recommend that children should continue breastfeeding upto two years or more. This is because breast milk is an important source of nutrients as well as energy. Continued breastfeeding has long-lasting positive effects on the development and health of children during their early childhood.Education on efficient breastfeeding practicesgreatly reduces the mortality rates among infants and ensures their development to full potential (Reinbott et al., 2015). Training health personnel on effectiveIYCF practices is important to enhance cost-effective breastfeeding practices(Samuel, Olaolorun Adeniyi, 2016). Proposed Action Plan This IYCF education intervention primarily aims to decrease infant mortality rates in Nepal by approximately 40% while encouraging exclusive breastfeeding. The propsed action plan should ensure compliance with ethical guidelines prescribed in the Helsinki Declaration and must be consequently cleared by Nepals Ethical Review Board. Infants and mothers who require medical attention must be promptly attended to in standard medical centers. The main approaches and activities to improving the impact of IYCF education among mothers and health workers in Nepal will be aimed at improving the availability of information, improving IYCF behavior and awareness among caregivers, establishing a supportive policy environment, and capacity building among health care professionals. The funding to cover these activities will be sourced from international organizations such as WHO and UNICEF, government funding through Nepals health ministry, community contribution, and other available sources. To improve the accessibility of correct information on IYCF, the eisting information and documents will be evaluated along with the breastfeeding habits in different ethnic groups and regions of Nepal. The existing material will be updatedin accordance with the latest guidelines from WHO and UNICEF reports on IYCFpractices. New material tailored to the demographic structure and background of Nepal will be developed after careful research. Guidelines on appropriate breastfeeding practice will be provided through posters, leaflets, social media posts, and flip charts in various maternal health facilities. Furthermore, counseling software on IYCF practices will be provided to nutrition counseling centers and health facilities. A distribution network to provide information to families and the community will be established together with the relevant communication equipment. An important strategy to enforce IYCF education will be to provide refreshtraining programs to update nutrition coun selors and health carepractitioners on IYCF communication skills, utilization of the new IYCF material, proper breastfeeding practice, and updated nutrition knowledge. To improve the behavior and awareness on appropriate IYCF practices among mothers, the community, and other caregivers, activities to communicate this information will be carried out through mass media (Mashreky et al., 2015). Communication campaigns will be organized in Nepal. Examples of these campaigns include Nepal Breastfeeding Week and Mother and Child Nutrition Week.' Furthermore, to improve breastfeeding behavior among caregivers, reproductive-aged women, and mothers in Nepal, training will be conducted. Guidelines prescribed by WHO and UNICEF will be distributed to health facilities and families. Organizing contests and advertisement campaigns through the internet and social media will be used to spread awareness on proper weaning practices rapidly. Establishing a supportive policy environment It is important to review prenatal care policies to ensure that their implementation is supportiveof proper breastfeeding practices (Harris et al., 2016). An evaluation and situational analysis on possible constraints hindering the implementation of proper breastfeeding regulations and guidelines will be conducted in the Nepal community. Workshops and meetings aimed at developing an effective and complete policy framework will be organized.To attract interest and draw attention to IYCF interventions, advocacy meeting will be held. It is also important to establish and train a team dedicated to ensuring proper IYCF practices are enforced in various regions in Nepal. Appropriate breastfeeding programs will be strengthened by cooperating with existing projects.In addition, centers providing counseling on infant nutrition will be set up. It is crucial to ensure that health workers and other infant nutrition caregivers have the relevant knowledge and skills (Baker et al., 2013). This will be achieved through providing training activities to refresh the caregivers competency in providing appropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices. Training material containing updated information from recent research activities on breastfeeding practiceswill be provided to healthcare practitioners. It is, however,important to continue research on proper breastfeeding practices among mothers in Nepal. Studies should be carried out to continuously improve breastfeeding practices to reduce infant mortality rates and improve both their mental and physical development. To evaluate the impact of IYCF education on reducing infant mortality rates, measures will be put in place to ensure localities from various regions in Nepal report the progress of their program implementation and the outcomes. An effectiveness trial will be conducted among low socio-economic mothers and to educate mothers and heathcare practitioners on proper IYCF practices to reduce infant mortality and ensure infants develop to their full potential.The impact of providing IYCF education to caregivers and families inlow socio-economical groups will be assessed. The essential indicators such as thetiming of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding, training health workers, and the cost-benefit of the action plan will be periodically monitored. After monitoring the above indicators, an evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of the action plan for reducing infant mortality through IYCF education will be conducted to ensure the continued improvement of breast feeding practices.An analysis on the cost-effectiveness of IYCF education will be based on outcomes and costs recorded in the study. The costs of this IYCF strategy will include service delivery andorganizational costs,salary expenses incurred as a result of using health professional, andthe cost of other relevant materials. These implementation expenses will determined after an analysis of participatinghealth service facilities, nutrition centers,and financial records derived from the health care projects.Specifically,medical and nutritional health personnel will collect weight and height measurements using existing methods and record the data on infant growth chart to determine the development progress of the infants. Infant mortality will be measured in terms of the number of infant deaths recorded within one year since birth. Anticipated Outcomes and Significance Developing effective and sustainable interventions to improve complementary feeding will be integral components of efforts to reach the child survival and malnutrition Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The proposed research will provide high-level evidence of the efficacy of peer counseling to support proper breastfeeding and complementary feeding approaches and reduce malnutrition in young children in rural Nepal. The findings will provide crucial interventions prescribing the appropriate approaches that healthcare practitioners should emulate in Nepalandthe generalSouth Asia. The outcomes and finding of this research project are expected to greatly affect the infant healthcare practices in Nepal. The study should be able to assist in reducing the infant mortality rate in Nepal by providing relevant IYCF education on infant nutrition. There is a need to ascertain that health practices support, promote, and protect exclusive breastfeeding and adequate complementary feeding.Exclusive breastfeeding not only reduces the mortality rate of infants but is also associated with better educational performance, improved cognitive ability, and the healthy development of the brain.Infant and young child education promote economic developmentat both the family level and national level by reducing health costs and improving child development (Srivastava Sandhu, 2007).Poor breastfeeding programs result in increased health care costs due to high child morbidity and the consequences of not breastfeeding such as chronic illnesses and obesity. It is therefore important to establish cost-effective IYCF practices in low-income countries such as Nepal.Health workers play an essential role in ensuringadequateIYCF practices. It is crucial to conduct supportive supervision to build the competency and capacity of community workers and heal thcare professionals. This study is therefore significant in reducing infant mortality rates by ensuring mothers and caregivers have the necessary skills and knowledge for appropriate breastfeeding practicesandemphasizing the cost-effectivenessof breastfeeding in Nepal. Proposed Timeline The research activity to determine the impact of IYCF education on the mortality rate of infants in Nepal will be carried out over a three period covering all activities from setting up the project to preparing a final report based on the results derived from the study. The following tableoutlines the timing of activitiesin the study. Task and Activities 1st Year Quarters 2nd Year Quarters 3rdYear Quarters 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Ethics clearance / Project set-up / Formative research / Formulation of intervention / Determine research instruments / Pilot study / Enrolment of research subjects / / / / Implementation of action plan / / / / / / / / / Surveys / / / / / Follow up studies / / / / / / / / / Data entry / / / / / / / / / Data analysis / Proposed Budget, and Justification of Budget The research project is estimated to cost $199k. Thisis after considering the travel and communication expenses, salaries, consumables and materials, equipment, miscellaneous expenses, and other indirect costs. The following table shows costs and their drivers expected to be incurred while researching the impact of IYCF education on infant mortality rates in Nepal. Activities and Items Amount of $ Salaries 96890 Consumables and other materials 24400 Equipment 19000 Communication and travel expenses 24500 Miscellaneous expenses 11600 Total direct costs 173390 Indirect costs (15% of subtotal) 26009 GRAND TOTAL $199,399 References Baker, J., Sanghvi, T., Hajeebhoy, N., Abrha, T. H. (2013). Learning from the design and implementation of large-scale programs to improve infant and young child feeding. Food and nutrition bulletin, 34(3_suppl2), S226-S230. Black RE AL, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J, for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008;371:24360 Breastfeeding. (2017). UNICEF. Retrieved 10 October 2017, from https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_24824.html Chung, M, Raman, G, Chew, P, Magula, N, DeVine, D, Trikalinos, T, Lau, J. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Rockville, MD; US Department of Health and Human Services; 2007. p. Avaliable at https://www.ahrq.gov/download/pub/evidence/pdf/brfout/brfout.pdf. Dykes, F., Hall-Moran, V. (Eds.). (2009). Infant and young child feeding. John Wiley Sons. Edmond, K. M., Zandoh, C., Quigley, M. A., Amenga-Etego, S., Owusu-Agyei, S., Kirkwood, B. R. (2006). Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality. Pediatrics, 117(3), e380-e386. Harris, J., Nguyen, P. H., To, Q., Frongillo, E. A., Menon, P. (2016). Progress in improving provincial plans for nutrition through targeted technical assistance and local advocacy in Vietnam. Health policy and planning, 31(10), 1333-1341. Holla-Bhar, R., Iellamo, A., Gupta, A., Smith, J. P., Dadhich, J. P. (2015). Investing in breastfeedingthe world breastfeeding costing initiative.International breastfeeding journal,10(1), 8. Ickes, S. B., Baguma, C., Brahe, C. A., Myhre, J. A., Adair, L. S., Bentley, M. E., Ammerman, A. S. (2017). Maternal participation in a nutrition education program in Uganda is associated with improved infant and young child feeding practices and feeding knowledge: a post-program comparison study. BMC Nutrition, 3(1), 32. Infant and Young Child Feeding - UNICEF DATA. (2017). UNICEF DATA. Retrieved 10 October 2017, from https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feeding/ Jones, G., Steketee, R. W., Black, R. E., Bhutta, Z. A., Morris, S. S., Bellagio Child Survival Study Group. (2003). How many child deaths can we prevent this year?.The lancet,362(9377), 65-71. Lamberti, L. M., Walker, C. L. F., Noiman, A., Victora, C., Black, R. E. (2011). Breastfeeding and the risk for diarrhea morbidity and mortality. BMC public health, 11(3), S15. Mashreky, S. R., Rahman, F., Rahman, A., Talab, A., Rahman, Z. (2015). 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